[Relevance of clinical and serum parameters on severe urinary sepsis after renal obstruction.] / Importancia de los parámetros clínicos y analíticos de la sepsis grave en la uropatía obstructiva.

INTRODUCTION: Urosepsis is an underdiagnosed entity with high morbidity and mortality and significant associated costs. The delay in diagnosis leads to an increased risk of multiorgan failure and death. Although its prognosis is better than that of other sepsis, the mortality rate is 20 - 40%. OBJECTIVE: Describe the obstructive uropathy cases (OU) that are complicated by severe sepsis (SS) and identify early biomarkers of SS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational and prospective study of 65 patients with urgent high OU. All patients were evaluated at three different times (0, 24 and 48 hours). An SS predictor model has been constructed and a multivariate risk analysis has been carried out. RESULTS: 64.61% (n=42) developed SS (NSS: n=13). The only statistically significant variables in the 3 moments evaluated and that obtained a good area under the curve [AUROC (>0.70)] were the elevation of neutrophils, procalcitonin, and decrease of bicarbonate. At the time of patient admission, the variable that best predicted SS was the elevation of procalcitonin (AUROC:0.919). SS risk factors (p<0.005) were the history of cancer immunosuppression, and/or urinary tract surgeries, complete UO and high blood values of lactate, potassium and decrease of bicarbonate. The potassium-lactate combination on admission predicted SS with a probability function of 0.805. CONCLUSIONS: There is an analytical profile maintained over the time characteristic of SS that allows anearly identification of patients with OU subsidiary of been complicated with SS.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Sepsis urinaria obstructiva (SUO) es una entidad infradiagnosticada con una elevada morbimortalidad e importantes costes asociados. El retraso en su diagnóstico condiciona un mayor riesgo de fracaso multiorgánico y fallecimiento. Aunque su pronóstico es mejor que el de otros focos de sepsis, su mortalidad es del 20 - 40%. OBJETIVO: Describir los cuadros de uropatía obstructiva (UO) que se complican con sepsis grave (SG) e identificarlos biomarcadores diagnósticos de SG en la UOde forma precoz.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional y prospectivo de 72 pacientes con UO alta ingresados de manera urgente en el Servicio de Urología del Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid. Todos los pacientes del estudio fueron evaluados en tres momentos diferentes (0, 24 y 48 horas). Se ha creado un modelo predictor de SG y se ha realizado un análisis multivariante de riesgo. RESULTADOS: El 64,61% de los pacientes (n=42) desarrolló SG (NSG: n=13). Las únicas variables estadísticamente significativas en los tres momentos evaluados y que obtenían una buena área bajo la curva [AUROC (>0,70)] fueron la elevación de neutrófilos y procalcitonina y la disminución de bicarbonato. En el momento del ingreso la variable que mejor predecía SG fue la elevación de procalcitonina (AUROC: 0,919). Los factores de riesgo de SG (p<0,05) fueron los antecedentes de cáncer, la inmunosupresión y/o cirugías de vías urinarias, la UO completa y los valores elevados en sangre de lactato y potasio y la disminución del bicarbonato en la gasometría venosa. La combinación potasio-lactato al ingreso predecía SG con una función de probabilidad de 0,805. CONCLUSIONES: Existe un perfil analítico, mantenido en el tiempo, característico de SG que permite la identificación precoz de los pacientes con UO subsidiarios de complicarse con SG.

Benign non-carcinoid neoplasms of the cecal appendix: presentation of 36 cases during the last 17 years in a third level hospital.

BACKGROUND: The tumors of the cecal appendix are a rare and heterogeneous group of neoplasms with variable prognosis and evolution, its incidence is very low. Mucinous tumors are defined as a dilated cecal appendix due to an abnormal accumulation of mucin, which may be benign or malign. Within these we find the mucoceles, which according to the latest consensus and classifications no longer include them. In this article we describe our experience in these tumors, we also propose a group to include the mucoceles and we review the literature. METHOD: Descriptive and retrospective study, analyzing all the surgical pieces of cecal appendix during the last 17 years. RESULTS: We analyzed 4910 surgical pieces. 36 were included in the group of non-carcinoid benign epithelial neoplasms (NEBNC), in this group 16 were low-grade mucinous neoplasms, 14 mucoceles and 6 tubular adenomas. The most frequent presentation's form was simulating an acute appendicitis. Surgical treatment was performed by open approach in 22 cases and by laparoscopic approach in 14 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic NEBNC can simulate acute appendicitis but in people with a higher mean age, so this diagnostic should be considered in older patients with nonspecific imaging tests. The recommended treatment is always surgical and it can be possible by laparoscopic approach.

ANTECEDENTES: Las tumoraciones del apéndice cecal son un grupo raro y heterogéneo de neoplasias con evolución y pronóstico variables, y tienen una incidencia muy baja. Las tumoraciones mucinosas se definen como aquellas con un apéndice cecal dilatado debido a una acumulación anormal de mucina en su interior; pueden ser benignas o malignas. Dentro de ellas se encuentran los mucoceles, que según los últimos consensos y clasificaciones ya no los incluyen. En este artículo se describe la experiencia de los autores en estas tumoraciones y se propone un grupo en el que incluir los mucoceles; además, se hace una revisión de la literatura. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en el que se analizan todas las piezas quirúrgicas de apéndice cecal durante los últimos 17 años. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 4910 piezas quirúrgicas. De ellas, 36 fueron incluidas en el grupo de neoplasias epiteliales benignas no carcinoides (NEBNC): 16 fueron neoplasias mucinosas de bajo grado, 14 mucoceles y 6 adenomas tubulares. La forma de presentación más frecuente fue simulando una apendicitis aguda. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue mediante abordaje abierto en 22 casos y laparoscópico en 14. CONCLUSIONES: Las NEBNC sintomáticas pueden simular cuadros de apendicitis aguda, pero en personas con una mayor edad media, por lo que hay que considerar esta posibilidad diagnóstica en pacientes mayores con pruebas de imagen inespecíficas. El tratamiento recomendable es siempre quirúrgico, y resulta viable su realización mediante abordaje laparoscópico.

A porcelain gallbladder and a rapid tumor dissemination.

INTRODUCTION: Porcelain gallbladder is a very rare entity that consists of a calcification of the gallbladder wall, and is associated with carcinoma in 12.5-62% of patients, although recent studies suggest weaker association. CASE REPORT: We describe an 80-year-old woman who presented with colicky abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, radiating to the back and associated with vomiting. Physical examination revealed jaundice, murphy's sign was negative. Hepatic-biliary tract ultrasound revealed porcelain gallbladder, she was referred to the surgical team for a scheduled cholecystectomy. A month later, she presented diffuse abdominal pain. Imaging studies showed a disseminated process affecting liver's segments, capsule, and hilum; and lungs. An aggressive surgical treatment was dismissed, and was referred to the oncology department. DISCUSSION: There is controversy in the harboring risk of malignancy of the porcelain gallbladder. While it seems that the current data points towards a lower risk of degeneration, it is also demonstrated that patients with gallbladder wall calcifications are indeed statistically at risk of gallbladder cancer. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become a safe and efficient approach recommended for patients with gallbladder symptoms directly related or unrelated to gallbladder wall calcifications. In this case, a pathological gallbladder, very quickly evolved into an inoperable tumor with a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: This report heightens that with US evidence of porcelain gallbladder, an urgent CT scan should be carried out to assess an underlying malignancy, and a simple cholecystectomy should be done urgently rather than on a routine elective list to prevent possible malignant change if possible.

[Acute torsion of wandering spleen: a rare cause of acute abdomen]. / Torsión aguda de bazo errante, causa poco frecuente de abdomen agudo.

BACKGROUND: Wandering spleen is a rare clinical entity characterized by an anomalous position of the spleen in the abdomen due to impaired splenic ligamentous attachments that produce an elongation of the vascular pedicle. This makes a partial or complete volvulus of the vascular axis more likely. Wandering spleen's clinical presentation is variable--from an asymptomatic patient to one with chronic abdominal pain or an acute abdomen. The most common complication is the acute torsion of the splenic pedicle causing acute abdominal pain. CLINICAL CASE: A 30-year-old woman who turned up at the Emergency Department with acute abdominal pain. Diagnostic imaging (ultrasonography and computerized axial tomography) revealed a huge spleen in an abnormal location and without vascularization. An urgent splenectomy was performed. CONCLUSION: Acute torsion of wandering spleen is a rare cause of acute abdomen, which makes early diagnosis difficult and can result in delayed treatment. This would lead to having to perform a splenectomy. Due to splenic necrosis or infarction, which increases the risk of postsplenectomy sepsis.